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- #EF
- #T15,4,DEPRECIATION & DEPLETION
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- One of the expenses of operating a business is the loss in value of its
- physical facilities due to various causes not covered by current repairs.
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- These factors include wear and tear, decay, inadequacy, and obsolescence.
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- ~C~ISuch a loss in value is called depreciation.~N
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- It is a fundamental principle of economics that the capital invested in a
- business should be kept intact (not used up). Thus, an annual charge, con-
- sidered a business expense, is made to compensate for that depreciation in
- the assets of the business.
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- Occasionally, depreciation is handled by setting up a special fund, called
- a depreciation fund. Yearly payments, equal to the depreciation, are placed in
- this fund. (These amounts are rarely actually placed in a savings account -
- they are instead invested generally in the business' needs).
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- However these depreciation charges are handled, it is important that they be
- made, so that the business' original capital remain intact. THE FINANCIAL
- ASSISTANT provides several accepted methods of calculating these charges.
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- ~C~ITHE STRAIGHT-LINE METHOD~N
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- A simple (and popular) method of fixing the amount of depreciation is the
- straight-line method, sometimes called the method of averages. This method
- assumes that the amount of depreciation of an asset's value is the same
- (constant) for each year od its useful life.
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- The prime advantage of this method is its simplicity.
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- Its two main disadvantages are:
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- ~Y~I~z1~N Most equipment actually depreciates more rapidly in the first years of
- its useful life than it does in later years. Thus, the remaining book
- value of an asset in its first years as determined by this method is
- much higher than its actual market value. The result is an inflated
- estimate of net worth.
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- ~Y~I~z2~N It does not account for interest on a depreciation fund (when one is
- used).
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- ~C~INonetheless, it is widely used because of its simplicity.~N
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- ~C~ITHE SINKING-FUND METHOD~N
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- This method modifies the straight-line method to permit the depreciation
- fund to accumulate interest, thus correcting one of the disadvantages of
- the straight-line method.
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- Thus, a sinking-fund is set up to accumulate a sum equal to the total
- depreciation over the asset's useful life.
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- In this method, the annual depreciation varies, as it equals a constant
- annual depreciation PLUS the interest earned on the accumulated funds in
- each year. The book value at any time is defined as the difference between
- the original asset cost and the total amount in the fund at that time.
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- This method, like the straight-line method, tends to overstate the remain-
- ing ( or book) value of the asset in the early years of its life.
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- ~C~ITHE SUM-OF-THE-INTEGERS METHOD~N
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- This method is one way to obtain a more realistic book value (closer to
- actual market value) in the early years of an asset's useful life. An
- example will illustrate the method.
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- Suppose an item has an original cost of $10000, an estimated salvage value
- of $1000, (total depreciation = $9000), and a useful life of 5 years.
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- First, sum the integers from 1 to n, n being the life of the item. In this
- example, the sum is 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15. This becomes the denominator of
- a series of fractions.
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- Next, form the fractions 5/15, 4/15, 3/15, 2/15, and 1/15. The numerators
- are the year integers in reverse order.
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- Now apply these fractions, in order, to the total depreciation to obtain each
- year's depreciation amount. In the example, the first year's depreciation is
- thus (5/15)(9000), the second is (4/15)(9000), and so on.
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- ~C~ITHE CONSTANT-PERCENTAGE METHOD~N
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- This is another method to obtain more realistic book values in the early years
- of an asset's useful life.
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- In this method, it is assumed that, in each year of an asset's useful life,
- the asset will depreciate in value by a constant percentage of it's value AT
- THE BEGINNING OF THAT YEAR.
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- Thus, for example if it is assumed that a $10000 item will lose 20% of its
- start-of-year value in each year, the item would have depreciation amounts
- and book values at the end of each succeeding year as follows:
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- ~C~IYear Depreciation Charge Book Value
- 1 $2000 $8000
- 2 $1600 $6400
- 3 $1280 $5120~N
- and so forth.
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- ~C~ICOMPOUND-INTEREST METHOD~N
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- This is a shortened name commonly used to refer to the accounting practice
- of assigning a yearly charge for depreciation of an asset PLUS an interest
- charge on the book value of an asset.
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- The interest charge is applied to the book value during that year...that is,
- to the book value at the end of the preceding year.
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- Although any method of depreciation could be used, the sinking-fund method
- is almost always applied in practice. However, the rate of interest that
- the sinking-fund earns need not necessarily be the same as the rate used
- to compute the interest charge on the book value of the asset.
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- (The depreciation module included in THE FINANCIAL ASSISTANT follows common
- practice and uses the sinking-fund depreciation method when computing by
- the Compound-Interest Method.)
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- ~C~IDEPLETION~N
-
- As we have seen, ~C~Idepreciation~N is the gradual loss in value of an asset,
- usually some sort of physical equipment, due to wear and tear, decay, in-
- adequacy, and obsolescence.
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- Any business involved in the extraction of non-renewable natural resources,
- (eg, minerals, oil, natural gas, timber tracts), also suffers a loss in the
- value of its non-renewable natural resource assets. This loss in value due
- to using up such an asset is called ~C~Idepletion.~N
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- While any of the methods used to evaluate depreciation could (in theory) also
- be used to evaluate depletion, the sinking-fund method is the usual choice.
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- THE FINANCIAL ASSISTANT program treats depreciation and depletion as two
- applications of the same principle. It automatically calculates and displays
- all the depreciation schedules generated by the five methods.
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